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so my name is SJ I'm from the University

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of Nevada Las Vegas I just got there in

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January so this is all pretty brand-new

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to me as well as to you guys and today

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I'm going to be talking about

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constraining and elucidating the aqueous

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history of Gale Crater Mars by examining

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the a more fish oil component and

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hopefully I will never hit you with a

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sentence that long again so as a brief

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overview first I'm going to introduce

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you to our Amorphis materials because

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seven months ago I didn't know what they

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are so I don't expect you guys to know

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what they are I'll talk a little bit

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about the motivation for this particular

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study I'll go into our approach which is

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two-pronged we have a laboratory in a

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field component so far and then I'll

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talk a little bit about each of those

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components the synthesis and dissolution

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in the laboratory and then the field

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work and I'll present some very

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preliminary results that we have from

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some sample analysis so first off the

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amorphous materials we're talking about

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first of all what do I mean when I say

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amorphis it has to do with x-ray

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diffraction when you diffract x-rays

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through a crystal they give you these

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nice sharp peaks by which you can tell

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the structure of them these materials

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they have very short-range atomic order

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so they don't make nice sharp peaks they

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make broad peaks you can't really get

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much about the structure from them so we

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call them amorphous or nanocrystalline

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the ones in particular that I'm

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interested in our alafaya and hiss

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injure right alifann is an

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aluminosilicate his and right is a

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ferric silicate generally in nature they

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form porous hollow nano balls they're

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about five nanometers across so they're

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very small they have lots of little tiny

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micro pores in them they're great at

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absorbing stuff which will become

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important at some point possibly not in

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this talk on Mars we have detected an

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amorphous component of the soil through

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xrd we have no idea what it is there's a

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lot of hypotheses it could be a lefay

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and Kissinger right ferrihydrite which

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is a ferric oxide basaltic glass opaline

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silica some people have mention

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that it could be something that doesn't

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exist on earth some kind of different

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phase that we don't see here but in

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general we just don't know what it is we

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know it's there it's hard to constrain

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the mineralogy so terrestrial formation

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environments for these materials are wet

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and temperate you'll tend to get them on

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volcanic slopes in places like Japan

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Hawaii New Zealand which really are

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terrible field sites you would never

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want to go there but that's encouraging

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in terms of Martian history so what

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we're trying to do is use the properties

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of the Martian materials to constrain

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Martian surface conditions if these

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things only form in warm wet

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environments and we're seeing them on

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Mars then presumably we can say that

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Mars had warm wet environments sometime

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it's past so that's something that we

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really like to be able to nail down and

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say definitively so that leads us right

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into the motivation we don't have a

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definitive identification of the margin

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amorphis component so what is it we

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haven't found any outcrops of the

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Martian material we can't go you know

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through chrism data or higher eyes data

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or Themis data and say here's an outcrop

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of Amorphis material we find it

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everywhere we found it in the rocknest

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soil and Gale Crater we found it in the

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Sheep bed mudstone when curiosity

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drilled into the mud stone we found it

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there a lot of people have hypothesized

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that the global hydration layer found in

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the equatorial regions of Mars is hosted

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by the same orefice component so

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presumably it's very widespread but we

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don't know where it's coming from the

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reason we've chosen alifann and hiss

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injure right to use as analogs for this

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material is because their properties

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closely resemble that of what we've seen

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on Mars the composition is similar

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there's some xrd evidence that these are

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at least the right type of material and

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then water release and evolved gas

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analysis which is something that the Sam

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instrument on curiosity can do and has

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done so our synthetic and field analogs

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can give us some insight

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into both the terrestrial and Martian

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materials and the reason we want insight

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into the terrestrial materials is

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because they're not particularly well

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studied alifann has about a decade of

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soil science research going into it it's

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fairly well constrained and everything

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except kinetics Kissinger right almost

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nobody's looked at it it's not very

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common and it's not actually good for

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much unlike Aleph in which you can use

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in lots of industrial contexts so we're

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taking a two-pronged approach towards

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this problem in the laboratory we're

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synthesizing the material using data

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from chemin and apxs on board curiosity

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to constrain the elemental ratios of our

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synthetic material and then as soon as

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we've made it we're going to immediately

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dissolve it again performed using Mars

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relevant conditions and I'll talk later

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about what exactly those conditions are

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our fieldwork thus far has been in

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Griffith Park and the Klamath mountains

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yes that is Griffith Park in California

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not the place you would expect to be a

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Mars analog we're using those to

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contextualise alifann and history right

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see what the environments around them

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are like how they behave in a natural

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context and also investigating

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transitions in mineralogy due to

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weathering so synthesis we synthesized

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for hydrous amorphous alumina or ferric

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silicates using the bacon method of

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baker and strong i know there's a lot of

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Colin's on this page don't worry about

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them basically there's one that's just

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aluminum and silica in a one-to-one

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ratio ala Fane varies between about 12 1

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and 2 to 1 with aluminum being more than

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silica and that two to one we did one

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where we replaced one out of 99 of the

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aluminum's with an iron we did one that

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was half iron half aluminum and all

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three of those were mentioned in the

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baker and straw and paper the last one

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which is just iron and silica i decided

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i wanted to do as just kind of an end

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member to see what it looked like

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because i didn't know what it would look

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like and i was curious so there's a lot

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of words on there the things in quotes

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are what i'm going to be calling them

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because it's what i've been calling them

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for seven months so it's a sol-gel

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process i don't know if any of you know

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what that means I'm not

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entirely sure what it means basically

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you put aluminum and iron in solution

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you add an alcohol of silica which I'm

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just going to call toews because

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tetraethyl orthosilicate is too much of

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a mouthful for me you slowly add sodium

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hydroxide hydrolyzed the TOS without

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forming silicon monomers which is

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important because you don't want just

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silica that's what you use that whoops

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so we use that peristaltic pump up there

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for takes a while but you don't have to

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do much and at the end you get this cool

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looking stuff you incubate it for seven

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days to form colloids and then you wash

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all the stuff that isn't your product

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out of it so the dissolution experience

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we haven't actually done yet we're using

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a bat we're going to use a batch reactor

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set up to look at the effect of pH

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activity of water temperature as many of

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those as we can in the next five years

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the Mars relevant conditions we're using

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our the pH of Dara site formation which

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is around 3.5 we've chosen that because

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there's Jerry site on the Martian

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surface so presumably the pH was around

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3.5 at some point the pH measured by the

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Phoenix lander which is the between

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seven point four and eight so that we

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know for a fact is on the Martian

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surface because we've measured it there

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and then if we have time we'll look at

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saturated Brian's and possible

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hydrothermal effects using variations of

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temperature so for the field work which

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is the exciting part we're looking at

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the topanga formation in Griffith Park

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which is a basaltic generally we chose

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it because of a satellite study by Alan

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treiman in 2014 we looked at whether

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basalts inside vesicles or SAP a night

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clays inside basalt vesicles which are

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Mars like take my word for it and then

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also the Klamath mountains which again

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are basaltic like Mars young soils

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fairly moist fairly warm and it's high

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iron and low aluminum which is the

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important part it's like Mars this bit

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right here just means that we are likely

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to find alifann or his injury so the

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beautiful Klamath mountains where we dug

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holes in the dirt

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and scenic griffith park where we dug

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holes in the dirt and also got some SAP

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rock from road cuts and took a picture

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with the Hollywood sign so from all of

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this we got those samples we examine

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them with xrd evolved gas analysis

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transmission electron microscopy

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unfortunately we didn't actually find a

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lot of amorphous materials which is not

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what we were expecting there were some

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hints in the xrd and the TEM but as far

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as I can tell from the data there's

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likely less amorphous material in this

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soil than there is in the Martian soil

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but a lot more work is needed we haven't

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actually done much with this and it's

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all been in the last two weeks so

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clearly there's more to be done in

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relation to the laboratory work our

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synthetic material provided us with a

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basis for comparison so that we could

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say you know is this the amorphous

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material we're looking for and the

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answer is probably not so sample

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analysis we did ftir on the lab samples

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just to confirm that it was a love Fame

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also field-emission sem to confirm if it

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was a low fame his and right to make

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sure we made the right stuff before we

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went looking in more detail then we also

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did tem xrd EGA and upcoming we're going

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to be doing some dissolutions on it so

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in the ftir this is from monterey

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pelletier they synthesized alla fain

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they found some good bands of this is

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water stretching waterbending and this

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is silicon oxygen aluminum stretching

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and our spectrum match pretty well with

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that actually the scales are a little

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different but they're all pretty much in

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the right place so from this we decided

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yeah we probably have alafaya and his

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injure right i'm not sure what this

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feature is but it gets bigger the more

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iron you have so that's something that i

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would like to look into in the future

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again field emission electron microscopy

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this is from Baker and strong you can

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see that kind of this fluffy stuff is

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probably nano balls our stuff is all so

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fluffy and likely has nano balls so from

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these two we decided yes we probably

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made the right stuff so then at JSC

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where I was for the last two weeks

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we examined stuff with transmission

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electron microscopy again this is our

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stuff this is a different study done

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previously they match pretty well this

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is a field sample we looked through this

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field sample for three hours this was

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the only grain we found that was

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non-crystalline so that at least is

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saying something it is not look like the

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rest of the stuff so maybe not looking

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so good for the field samples there's

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one at a more similar scale so in the

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xrd this is the chemin data this is our

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data this is reference for his injure

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right again our stuff looks pretty

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different this is you know a different

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instrument but a we're not seeing the

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same kind of Amorphis hump that we are

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seeing in the in the chemin data this is

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a different scale so that's a little

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more similar it's kind of hard to tell

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but I'm not too sure this stuff right

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here is promising that means lots of

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small particles as far as I can tell so

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it definitely needs more work the

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evolved gas analysis the synthetic stuff

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that we did matches pretty well with

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Mars so that's promising the field

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samples not so great I'll have much

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higher temperature water releases so for

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future work we need more rigorous study

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of the field samples we're going to be

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doing pyrophosphate and oxalate

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dissolutions to really nail down how

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much amorphous material is actually in

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them to see if our other results are

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robust so that we know really you know

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if we just are looking in the wrong

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places and then the batch dissolution

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experiments to nail down you know or to

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investigate what these things look like

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under Mars relevant conditions and how

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they behave so in conclusion that's

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pretty much everything I talked about

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and I know I said I wouldn't throw that

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sentence at you again but i did so i

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two quick questions first one um what

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xrd instrument are you using we used app

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analytical xrd instrument at JSC we were

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gonna use chemin but chemin is down you

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mean like a chemin test bed yes I came

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in for which I have a phone at JSC yeah

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okay and then my second question is um

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you know since you didn't find a lot of

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alafaya orange right you know in the

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site do you have a backup field site

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that you guys are thinking about going

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to uh well you know I was thinking about

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that and I thought maybe New Zealand